Chola Dynasty was one of the most powerful dynasties of south India. The king was aided and advised by a council of ministers who held office at the pleasure of the king. 1. Intrigues concerning the right to the Pandya throne embroiled Cholas, Pandyas, and Sri Lanka (which by then had recovered its independence) from about 1166. The origins of the Chola Dynasty are lost to history. T he Cholas in my Wyoming high school had a very distinct style. Vijayalaya who belonged to Cholas family invaded with a little army on Muttaraiyar and captured Kaveri delta in the middle of the 9th century A.D. By using ThoughtCo, you accept our, Early Muslim Rule in India From 1206 to 1398 CE, The Mauryan Empire Was the First Dynasty to Rule Most of India, Biography of Ashoka the Great, India's Mauryan Emperor, Biography of Chandragupta Maurya, Founder of the Mauryan Empire, Wootz Steel: Making Damascus Steel Blades, J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. The dynasty originated in the fertile valley of the Kaveri River. The Chola Empire, however, did not long outlast its gadfly. But despite 400 years of glory, the Chola Empire disappeared from history; a sad fate for a civilisation which was among the most remarkable produced by the medieval world. The Chola dynasty wis ane o the langest-rulin dynasties in the history o soothren Indie.The earliest datable references tae this Tamil dynasty are in inscriptions frae the 3rd century BCE left bi Ashoka, o the Maurya Empire.As ane o the Three Crouned Keengs o Tamilakam, the dynasty continued tae govren ower varyin territory till the 13t century CE. CHOLA EMPIRE 2. Its early leaders began the process of expansion in the ninth century CE, and the dynasty lasted until 1279 CE. The Chola dynasty ended in 1279. Corrections? The earliest references of the Chola dynasty can be traced from Sangam Age. Uraiyur (now Tiruchchirappalli) was its oldest capital. The main area they ruled was the valley of the Kaveri River. And this also happened when Rama Raya was killed in the battle of Talikota which resulted in the decline of the Vijayanagar Empire. When war broke out between the Pallava and Pandya kingdoms in about 850 CE, the Cholas seized their chance. Kulottunga I (reigned 1070–1122), who succeeded to both the Chola and Eastern Chalukya crowns by right of inheritance, wisely abandoned the Deccan and concentrated on uniting the eastern coast. After the first defeat, the Chola Dynasty faced a continuous decline till 1279, which marked the end of Chola dynasty. By 996 he had conquered Kerala (the Chera country) and acquired northern Sri Lanka. The CholaKingdom is very ancient, there has been references made in Mahabharatha and even in Ashokan inscriptions. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. After Sangam, the Chola became feaudatories of Uraiyur . Nobody knows exactly when the first Chola kings took power in the southern point of India, but certainly, the Chola Dynasty was established by the third century BCE, because they are mentioned in one of Ashoka the Great's stelae. All authority rested in his hands. Updates? It was the first true maritime empire based in India. Cholas were also known as Chodas and it is believedthat they existed even around 3rdcentury. The epigraphs of Rajendra Chola III indicate a civil war between Rajaraja III and himself which came to end with the former killing the latter and ascending the throne. The Chola dynasty (சோழர் குலம்) was a Tamil dynasty that ruled in southern India until the 13th century.The dynasty came from the fertile valley of the Kaveri River. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chola-dynasty, Ancient Origins - The Chola Dynasty: Exploring the Achievements of an Indian Empire Spanning 400 Years, Chola dynasty - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). From 1216 the Hoysala kings obtained lands in the Chola country, former Chola feudatories threw off their allegiance, northern powers intervened, and the upheaval facilitated the Pandya conquest of the Chola country in 1257. The inscriptions of the Pandyas, recording royal grants and other grants made by local citizens, date to the 2nd century. Revenue administration, village self-government, and irrigation were highly organized under the Cholas. Introduction. During the middle of the 9th century AD, the Chola Empire was established. The Chola country (Coromandel) stretched from the Vaigai River in the south to Tondaimandalam, the capital of which was Kanci (now Kanchipuram), in the north. Map of the Dynasty •The Cholas ruled large parts of Southern India including Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh and parts of Karnataka from the 9th to 13th 3. Although he was able to recapture some of the Pallava land, the Pallavas were ineffective in withstanding military pressure from the Western Chalukya dynasty, who were eventually ousted by the Cholas. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. Karikala Chola was the most famous among the early Chola kings, while Rajaraja Chola, Rajendra Chola and Kulothunga Chola I were famous emperors of the medieval Cholas.. He conquered portions of the Malay Peninsula and the Malay Archipelago. The revival of Chola power began from the accession of Parantaka II who recovered Tondamandalam to re­establish dominance of the dynasty. Coming to terms with the Rastrakutas, he took Nellore from them about 940, but their king, Krsna III, seized Tondaimandalam. Omissions? The second period in the history of the Chola Dynasty is known as the ‘Interregnum’. Chola Dynasty. Rajadhiraja (reigned 1044–54) fought the Pandyas and Cheras and defeated the Western Chalukya ruler Someshvara I in 1046, but he was killed at the Battle of Koppam, against the Chalukyas, in 1054. The ancient forts and palaces of the Chola dynasty were destroyed by the Pandya invasion after their rise from the dominance of the Cholas during the early 13th century (circa 1212). Cultural and artistic influences flowed in both directions between Indochina and the Indian mainland. Although the Cholas were subdued by the Pallavas around 650 AD, they returned to power less than a century later. Rajaraja I (reigned 985–1014), an able administrator, protected Vengi (the Godavari districts) and occupied the Gangavadi territory (in present-day Karnataka state), annihilating the western Gangas. It also appears in the Greco-Roman Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (c. 40 - 60 CE), and in Ptolemy's Geography (c. 150 CE). Heartland of the Chola kingdom was the valley of Kaveri River. Chola kings and emperors bore the titles Parakesharivarman and Rajakesharivarman, alternately. Raja Raja Chola I also belonged to Medieval Cholans and he was the gem of all the kings. Apart from the more reliable historical text (as opposed to mythology and literature), the Cholas of this period also lef… After decades of intermittent warfare, the Chalukya kingdom collapsed in 1190. The Cholas under Rajendra III fell to the Pandyan Empire in 1279 and ceased to exist. This rule stretched over for over five long centuries until the 13th century. The Chola ruled for a long period from about the later half of the 9th century to the beginning of the 13th century, but after the advent of Pandayas, the Chola Empire collapsed. Kulothunga Chola killed the son of Virarajendra Chola called Athirajendra Chola, who had a better claim for the Chola throne than Kulothunga, to become the king of the Chola Dynasty in 1070 CE. The nucleus of Cola power during the reign of Vijayalaya in the late 9th century was Thanjavur, from…, The next period, the time of the Tamil Cōḷa Empire (10th–13th centuries), saw an awakening of neighbouring literatures: Kannada, Telugu, and Malayalam. The last king of the dynasty was Rajendra Chola III and was defeated by Pandya King Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I. The Pallava dominions passed to the Chola kings about 880. At that point of time the Chola kingdom almost ceased to exist. Around the year 300 CE, the Pallava and Pandya Kingdoms spread their influence over most of the Tamil heartlands of southern India, and the Cholas went into a decline. The legendary King Karikan was the common ancestor through whom small Deccan and Andhra families called Chola or Coda claimed a connection with the Uraiyur family. His son followed up with the conquest of Sri Lanka in 925; by 985, the Chola Dynasty ruled all of the Tamil-speaking regions of southern India. The last king of the dynasty was Rajendra Chola III and was defeated by Pandya King Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I. The dynasty’s first capital was the city of Uraiyur (now Tiruchchirappalli). This happened when Prithviraj Chauhan was captured by Ghori in the 12th century which led to the collapse of the Chauhan Dynasty. The Chola Empire was based in the Kaveri River Valley, which runs southeast through Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and the southern Deccan Plateau to the Bay of Bengal. The Colas (Cholas) were by far the most important dynasty in the subcontinent at this time, although their activities mainly affected the peninsula and Southeast Asia. The center of Chola power was later moved to Kanci (now Kanchipuram), farther to the north. Vijayalaya (reigned c. 850–870) began the occupation of the territory of the Pallavas, which was extended under Aditya I (reigned c. 870–907). They ruled south India for a long time and united the whole south India. With the booty thus acquired, he built the great Brihadishvara temple at Tanjore (now Thanjavur). Later Kulothunga Chola/Kulōttu ṅ ka Co ḻ ar took over Kalinga/Kali ṅ kā to establish a strong rule. There was a fully developed secretariat to oversee the functioning of Central administration. In short, Cholas were first defeated by Pandyas in 1217, they were somehow restored back to power. Parantaka I (reigned 907– c. 953), known as the destroyer of Madurai (the capital city of the Pandyas), defeated Sinhalese invaders and united the lands of the Cholas and the Pandyas between 926 and 942. Compared to the Chola kings from earlier periods, one is able to discuss about the rulers from this era with a little more certainty. Military Administration:The Cholas maintained a large army consisting o… Parades, functions at temples, book releases and plays have been organized to give the public a glimpse into the grandeur and greatness of the dynasty. The Cholas ruled for more than 1,500 years, making them one of the longest-ruling families in human history, if not the longest. The legendary King Karikan was the common ancestor through whom The Cholas are the earliest and the most ancient among the South Indian royal houses. All of these cultural properties also found their way into the Southeast Asian artistic lexicon, influencing religious art and literature from Cambodia to Java. This began around the end of the Sangam era, i.e. These later Cholas are termed as “Imperial Cholas” because they excercised control over Sri Lanka and Malay Peninsula. However there is no evidenceto prove their existence. Throughout the medieval period, however, the Cholas had one major thorn in their side. After the first defeat, the Chola Dynasty faced a continuous decline till 1279, which marked the end of Chola dynasty. They ruled … The Chola Empire under Rajendra even exacted tribute from Siam (Thailand) and Cambodia. As a consequence, the southern part of India was divided between the Pallava and Pandya Kingdoms. This article was most recently revised and updated by Maren Goldberg, Assistant Editor. In the peak of their time, the empire was extedded to the whole south india, sri lanka, maldives, Malaysia, Indonesia and to ganges in the east The chronology of the Cholas is very difficult toexplain. Vijayalaya The Founder • The founder of Chola Kingdom was Vijayalaya who conquered the kingdom of Tanjore during mid 8th century. And I want to know whether he did the same in Malaysia to place himself upon the throne of Kedah and Srivijaya in 1068CE. In the mid-9th century, the dynasty began to expand its territory. A Chola king, known as Elara, conquered Sri Lanka and ruled over it for about 50 years during the … Kings like Rajaraja Chola and Rajendra Chola further expanded the kingdom into the Tamil region. Dr. Kallie Szczepanski is a history teacher specializing in Asian history and culture. The Chola Empire left a rich legacy in the Tamil country. Between 1150 and 1279, the Pandya family gathered its armies and launched a number of bids for independence in their traditional lands. The Chola ruler Virarajendra (reigned 1063–69) attempted to render the Chalukya empire in the Deccan harmless, but his death enabled Vikramaditya Chalukya to dabble in Chola family quarrels. But Vijayalaya founded Chola empire and ruled most parts of SouthIndia from 850- 870 CE. At its height, the Chola Empire controlled not only southern India and Sri Lanka, but also the Maldives. The Colas (Cholas) were by far the most important dynasty in the subcontinent at this time, although their activities mainly affected the... Brihadishvara Chola temple, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India. Nobody knows exactly when the first Chola kings took power in the southern point of India, but certainly, the Chola Dynasty was established by the third century BCE, because they are mentioned in one of Ashoka the Great's stelae. Tanjore (now Thanjavur) became the Chola capital. Much of Tamil classical literature and the greater Tamil architectural monuments belong to the Sangam period, which also saw a revival of Shaivism (worship of the god Shiva) and the development of southern Vaishnavism (worship of the god Vishnu). Chola dynasty, South Indian Tamil rulers of unknown antiquity, antedating the early Sangam poems (c. 200 ce). It saw majestic architectural accomplishments such as the Thanjavur Temple, amazing artwork including particularly graceful bronze sculpture, and a golden age of Tamil literature and poetry. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. This marked the start of the Medieval Chola period and the peak of Chola power. It took key maritime trading posts from the Srivijaya Empire in what is now Indonesia, enabling a rich cultural transfusion in both directions, and sent diplomatic and trading missions to China's Song Dynasty (960 - 1279 CE). Vijayalaya's son, Aditya I, went on to defeat the Pandyan Kingdom in 885 and the Pallava Kingdom in 897 CE. The rule of Chola dynasty rose to prominence in 850 when their ruler Vijayalaya defeated the Pallavas and took over Tanjore from them. He was succeeded by his son Aditya-I. The Chola Dynasty shrank to the region around Tanjore and soon came to an end when the last Chola King, Rajaraja III died. They likely served as sub-rulers under the new powers, yet they retained enough prestige that their daughters often married in to the Pallava and Pandya families. The first extant Kannada work is the 9th-century, …and the hinterland), and the Colas (Cholas; Thanjavur and the Kaveri valley), founders of the Cola dynasty. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Rajaraja Chola's reign marked the emergence of the Chola Empire as a multi-ethnic trading colossus. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. The inscriptions on the pillars of the Ashoka(273BC-232BC) do mention about Chola. Chola Dynasty: Chola dynasty had power around Kaveri Delta and were subordinates to the Pallava kings of Kanchipuram. Moreover, the new powers left the Cholas alone for t… The Chola Dynasty was a Tamil dynasty that ruled primarily in southern India until the 13th century. These territories were key points along the Indian Ocean trade routes. The kingdom is mentioned, however, in early Tamil literature, and on one of the Pillars of Ashoka (273 - 232 BCE). The dynasty originated in the rich Kaveri (Cauvery) River valley. Rajendra's inscriptions laud him as the "cunning hero, who killed Rajaraja after making him wear the double crown for three years". ThoughtCo uses cookies to provide you with a great user experience. The artifacts of the period found in South India mention Mahabharata as well as Ashokan edicts. His son Rajendracola Deva I (reigned 1014–44) outdid Rajaraja’s achievements. It was a serious setback to the rising Chola power. The Imperial Chola Dynasty Empire Imperial of chola. King Vijayalaya renounced his Pallava overlord and captured the city of Thanjavur (Tanjore), making it his new capital. However, around the 2nd century, the state Andhra has a Chola kingdom that flourished far and wide. Chola dynasty, Chola also spelled Cola, South Indian Tamil rulers of unknown antiquity, antedating the early Sangam poems (c. 200 ce). He often went on tours in order to keep better touch with the administration . By 1014 Rajaraja had acquired the Lakshadweep and Maldive islands. Not only did the Cholas outlast Ashoka's Mauryan Empire, they continued to rule until 1279 CE—more than 1,500 years. This dynasty originated in the fertile land of the Kaveri River Uraiyur, now Tiruchchirapalli was the ancient capital of the Chola Dynasty. It was an ancient rival that finally did in the Cholas for good. He pushed the empire's northern boundary out of Tamil lands to Kalinga in the northeast of India and sent his navy to capture the Maldives and the rich Malabar Coast along the subcontinent's southwestern shore. The ruling family came from the Tamil ethnic group. The dynasty originated in the rich Kaveri (Cauvery) River valley. By 1044, Rajendra Chola had pushed the borders north to the Ganges River (Ganga), conquering the rulers of Bihar and Bengal, and he had also taken coastal Myanmar (Burma), the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and key ports in the Indonesian archipelago and Malay Peninsula. Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. Development of the dynasty took place when kings like Aditya I and Parantaka I ruled. He placed a son on the throne at Madurai, completed the conquest of Sri Lanka, overran the Deccan (c. 1021), and in 1023 sent an expedition to the north that penetrated to the Ganges (Ganga) River and brought Ganges water to the new capital, Gangaikondacolapuram. ; Thousands of inscriptions in temples tell about their administration, society, economy and culture. Due to the conflict between Pallavas and Pandyas, Vijayalaya occupied Tanjore and made his capital. Uraiyur (now Tiruchchirappalli) was its oldest capital. King: was the most important person in the Chola administration. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. The Chola Dynasty arose in the southern part of the Indian subcontinent. Some of the other evidences that areavailable is the Ta… Karikala Chola was the most famous among the early Chola kings, while Rajaraja Chola, Rajendra Chola and Kulothunga Chola I were notable emperors of the medieval Cholas.. Although the Cholas experienced a decline, the dynasty did not become extinct, and it is supposed that they served as sub-rulers under these new powers. Their chronology is difficult. The next two kings, Rajaraja Chola I (r. 985 - 1014 CE) and Rajendra Chola I (r. 1012 - 1044 CE) extended the empire still further. Not only did the Cholas outlast Ashoka's Mauryan Empire, they continued to rule until 1279 CE—more than 1,500 years. But the Chola … The Chalukya Empire, in the western Deccan Plateau, rose up periodically and tried to throw off Chola control. around 300 AD, when the Chola Dynasty fell from power. Chola dynasty was a Tamil dynasty of southern India; They are one of the longest-ruling dynasty in history. The reign of the Cholas began in the 9th century when they defeated the Pallavas to come into power. In … , Vijayalaya occupied Tanjore and made his capital the mid-9th century, the Cholas their... 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